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French Numbers, Dates, and Time Expressions

Master French numbers, dates, and time expressions including telling time, days, months, years, and temporal prepositions

intermediate
18 min read

Understanding French Numbers, Dates, and Time

French numbers, dates, and time expressions are essential for daily communication and follow specific patterns and rules. Key components: - Time telling: Il est... (It is...) - Dates: Nous sommes le... (It is...) - Days and months: lundi, janvier, etc. - Years: en 2024, depuis 2020 - Time prepositions: à, en, dans, depuis, pendant Important characteristics: - Gender and agreement: Some numbers agree - Preposition usage: Specific prepositions for time - Formal vs informal: Different ways to express time - Cultural differences: 24-hour clock common These expressions are fundamental for scheduling, planning, and discussing temporal relationships in French.

Examples

Il est quinze heures trente. (It's 3:30 PM.)
24-hour clock commonly used
Nous sommes le mercredi 15 mai 2024. (It's Wednesday, May 15th, 2024.)
Complete date expression
Depuis trois ans, j'habite ici. (For three years, I've lived here.)
Duration with DEPUIS

Telling Time in French

French time telling uses IL EST + time expression:

Basic Time Expressions

PronounConjugationEnglish
Il est une heure1:00It's one o'clock (singular)
Il est deux heures2:00It's two o'clock (plural)
Il est midi12:00 PMIt's noon
Il est minuit12:00 AMIt's midnight
Il est trois heures et quart3:15It's quarter past three
Il est quatre heures et demie4:30It's half past four

Examples

Quelle heure est-il? (What time is it?)
Il est huit heures du matin. (It's 8 AM.)

Minutes Past the Hour

Adding minutes with ET:
Il est deux heures cinq. (It's 2:05.)
Il est trois heures et quart. (It's 3:15.)

Minutes Before the Hour

Using MOINS for minutes before:
Il est trois heures moins cinq. (It's 2:55.)
Il est midi moins le quart. (It's 11:45.)

24-Hour Clock (Official Time)

French commonly uses 24-hour clock for official times:

24-Hour Time Examples

PronounConjugationEnglish
Il est treize heures13:001:00 PM
Il est quinze heures trente15:303:30 PM
Il est dix-huit heures quarante-cinq18:456:45 PM
Il est vingt-deux heures22:0010:00 PM
Il est zéro heure quinze00:1512:15 AM

Examples

Le train part à seize heures. (The train leaves at 4 PM.)
Le film commence à vingt heures. (The movie starts at 8 PM.)

Days of the Week

French days of the week are masculine and not capitalized:

Days of the Week

PronounConjugationEnglish
lundiMondayJe travaille lundi. (I work Monday.)
mardiTuesdayMardi, j'ai cours. (Tuesday, I have class.)
mercrediWednesdayMercredi soir... (Wednesday evening...)
jeudiThursdayJeudi matin... (Thursday morning...)
vendrediFridayVendredi après-midi... (Friday afternoon...)
samediSaturdaySamedi, nous sortons. (Saturday, we go out.)
dimancheSundayDimanche, je me repose. (Sunday, I rest.)

Specific Day vs Regular Occurrence

With or without LE:
lundi = next Monday (specific)
le lundi = on Mondays (regular)

Months of the Year

French months are masculine and not capitalized:

Months of the Year

PronounConjugationEnglish
janvierJanuaryen janvier (in January)
févrierFebruaryen février (in February)
marsMarchen mars (in March)
avrilAprilen avril (in April)
maiMayen mai (in May)
juinJuneen juin (in June)
juilletJulyen juillet (in July)
aoûtAugusten août (in August)
septembreSeptemberen septembre (in September)
octobreOctoberen octobre (in October)
novembreNovemberen novembre (in November)
décembreDecemberen décembre (in December)

Expressing Dates

French dates follow the pattern: LE + number + month + year:

Examples

Nous sommes le 15 mai 2024. (It's May 15th, 2024.)
Je suis né le 3 juin 1990. (I was born on June 3rd, 1990.)
Quelle est la date aujourd'hui? (What's the date today?)
C'est le premier janvier. (It's January 1st.)

First of the Month

Use PREMIER for the 1st:
le premier mai (May 1st)
le premier janvier (January 1st)

Other Dates

Use cardinal numbers for other dates:
le deux mars (March 2nd)
le vingt-cinq décembre (December 25th)

Years and Centuries

Expressing years and longer time periods:

Examples

En 2024, je voyage. (In 2024, I travel.)
Au vingtième siècle... (In the 20th century...)
L'an 2000 (The year 2000)
Dans les années 90 (In the 90s)

Year Expressions

Different ways to express years:
en 2024 = in 2024
l'année 2024 = the year 2024

Time Prepositions

Essential prepositions for time expressions:

Time Prepositions

PronounConjugationEnglish
àat (time)à trois heures (at three o'clock)
enin (month/year)en mai, en 2024 (in May, in 2024)
dansin (future)dans deux heures (in two hours)
depuissince/fordepuis lundi (since Monday)
pendantduring/forpendant deux heures (for two hours)
versaround (time)vers midi (around noon)

Examples

Je pars à huit heures. (I leave at eight o'clock.)
Nous voyageons en juillet. (We travel in July.)

Duration Expressions

Expressing how long something lasts or has been happening:

Examples

Depuis trois ans, j'habite ici. (For three years, I've lived here.)
Pendant deux heures, nous avons étudié. (For two hours, we studied.)
Il y a une semaine... (A week ago...)
Dans une heure... (In an hour...)

DEPUIS vs PENDANT

Different duration meanings:
DEPUIS = ongoing duration (still happening)
PENDANT = completed duration (finished)

IL Y A vs DANS

Past vs future time reference:
IL Y A = ago (past)
DANS = in (future)

Seasons and Parts of Day

Time periods and their prepositions:

Seasons and Day Parts

PronounConjugationEnglish
le printempsspringau printemps (in spring)
l'étésummeren été (in summer)
l'automneautumnen automne (in autumn)
l'hiverwinteren hiver (in winter)
le matinmorningle matin (in the morning)
l'après-midiafternoonl'après-midi (in the afternoon)
le soireveningle soir (in the evening)
la nuitnightla nuit (at night)

Age Expressions

Expressing age using AVOIR:

Examples

J'ai vingt ans. (I am twenty years old.)
Quel âge as-tu? (How old are you?)
Il a trente-cinq ans. (He is thirty-five years old.)
Elle aura quarante ans demain. (She will be forty tomorrow.)

Frequency Expressions

Expressing how often something happens:

Examples

une fois par semaine (once a week)
deux fois par mois (twice a month)
tous les jours (every day)
chaque année (every year)

Common Time Expressions

Useful phrases for time reference:

Examples

à l'heure (on time), en retard (late)
en avance (early), à temps (in time)
de temps en temps (from time to time)
tout le temps (all the time)

Common Mistakes with Time Expressions

Here are frequent errors students make: 1. Wrong prepositions: Using incorrect prepositions with time 2. Capitalization: Capitalizing days and months 3. Agreement errors: Wrong number agreement with time 4. Confusion: Mixing up DEPUIS, PENDANT, IL Y A, DANS

Examples

à Mai en mai
Wrong: use EN with months
Lundi lundi
Wrong: days are not capitalized in French
Il est une heures Il est une heure
Wrong: "une heure" is singular
Pendant trois ans, j'habite Depuis trois ans, j'habite
Wrong: use DEPUIS for ongoing duration